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Chemical and Mineral Bio-availability Composition of Indigenous Vegetable Sauces: Implication for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Joy Adaku Chibuzo Amadi,
Asinobi Chinagorom Onyemaechi,
Okeke Phenomena Ngozi,
Ndukwu Sylvia Ogechi,
Nwachukwu Chijioke Nnaemeka,
Edward Uzoamaka
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 4, December 2019
Pages:
90-97
Received:
14 August 2019
Accepted:
27 September 2019
Published:
15 October 2019
Abstract: Chemical and mineral bioavailability composition of indigenous vegetable sauces: implication for type 2 diabetes mellitus was evaluated. Vegetables and ingredients for sauce preparation were purchased from Relief market Owerri, Imo State. The vegetables were used in preparation of okra sauce, African spinach sauce and lettuce sauce. It was oven-dried at 50°C for 14 hours. The sauces were analyzed for proximate, minerals, vitamin, antinutrient while mineral to antinutrient ratios was calculated using standard methods. Statistical analysis using Statistical Product for Service Solution (SPSS) was used to determine one way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) to separate the means while Turkey test model was used to test significant difference. P-value at 0.05 was considered significant. Significant difference was observed only in dietary fibre (p<0.05). Mineral composition showed significant (p<0.05) differences in African spinach sauce for sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, zinc and manganese and only highest in phosphorus for lettuce sauce. Tannin was significantly highest in lettuce sauce and African spinach sauce, for phytate and oxalate in African spinach sauce. All the minerals studied showed high bioavailability. Vitamin composition was significantly (p<0.05) different among the vegetable sauces in all the water soluble vitamin studied but was only significant (p<0.05) for vitamin D for all the fat soluble vitamins in okra sauce. Consumption of these vegetable sauces should be encouraged especially among the type 2 diabetic subjects.
Abstract: Chemical and mineral bioavailability composition of indigenous vegetable sauces: implication for type 2 diabetes mellitus was evaluated. Vegetables and ingredients for sauce preparation were purchased from Relief market Owerri, Imo State. The vegetables were used in preparation of okra sauce, African spinach sauce and lettuce sauce. It was oven-dri...
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Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumour Results Cushing’s Syndrome
Taher Manzary,
Amir Teimouri Dereshgi,
Vahideh Sadra,
Ali Jamshidi Fard,
Leila Teimouri Dereshgi,
Touba Tarvirdizadeh
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 4, December 2019
Pages:
98-103
Received:
5 August 2019
Accepted:
5 November 2019
Published:
12 November 2019
Abstract: Background: Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumor (TNET) is a rare clinical condition with approximate incidence rate of 2–5%. Carcinoid tumor of thymus with Cushing’s syndrome (CS) is also a rare co-morbid condition. Case information: Here we report a case of a 22-year-old gentleman presented with uncommon features suggestive of CS. He was evaluated and diagnosed with ectopic Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)–dependent CS due to a TNET. Results: Extensive thymectomy was performed and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of thymic carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation and local and pericardial invasion. Conclusion: Thymic carcinomas may present with symptoms due to mass effect but Cushing syndrome is the most common endocrine manifestation of these tumors. Surgery is the most effective treatment of thymic carcinoma, although chemotherapy and radiotherapy also have been reported to be effective in some cases.
Abstract: Background: Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumor (TNET) is a rare clinical condition with approximate incidence rate of 2–5%. Carcinoid tumor of thymus with Cushing’s syndrome (CS) is also a rare co-morbid condition. Case information: Here we report a case of a 22-year-old gentleman presented with uncommon features suggestive of CS. He was evaluated and dia...
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Alpha-cells: Its Role as the Islet Harmonizer
Nabil Kamal Elnaggar,
Mohamed Nabil Elnaggar
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 4, December 2019
Pages:
104-107
Received:
16 October 2019
Accepted:
18 November 2019
Published:
27 November 2019
Abstract: It has long been thought that the alpha cells and its secretory products play an important role solely in maintaining euglycemia and preventing hypoglycemia through a contradictory action to the B cell’s insulin. The α-cell function is tightly regulated by various physiological inputs including systemic energy status, central and autonomic nervous systems, and the endocrine system. It is also an important amino acid sensor, glucagon blockade suppresses hepatic amino acid catabolism and increases the serum amino acid level. In addition to those controllers, the intra-islet microenvironment, where α-cells are located, has been recently revealed to be important in the regulation of the various cellular secretory functions including the overlapping of glucagon and insulin secretion through a precise cell-cell crosstalk. Paracrine interactions between pancreatic islet cells have been proposed as a mechanism to regulate hormone secretion and glucose homeostasis, alpha and B cells are closely positioned on the sides of their blood supply where acetylcholine acts as the paracrine communicator of signals inside the islets. Recently, it has been demonstrated that blocking acetylcholine esterase increases insulin secretion. Moreover, it has also been suggested that glucagon is not exclusively a counter-regulatory hormone that elevates blood glucose levels, in contrast it can cause hypoglycemia conditioned by the presence of intact B cells and a functional GLP-1R (glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor). These data argue for glucagon agonism in modern management of T2DM. Alpha-cells also, have been shown to be able to trans-differentiate into β-cells only in the presence of insulin-positive cells with α-cell origin in the lineage tracing analyses, confirming the role of α-cells as a source of β-cell regeneration. The article reviews the updated knowledge about the functions of the alpha-cells and its role in the paracrine control of islet cell secretions and the future therapeutic potentials.
Abstract: It has long been thought that the alpha cells and its secretory products play an important role solely in maintaining euglycemia and preventing hypoglycemia through a contradictory action to the B cell’s insulin. The α-cell function is tightly regulated by various physiological inputs including systemic energy status, central and autonomic nervous ...
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Sulfonylureas Induced Hypoglycemia in Diabetics - A Review
Adegbenga Bolanle Ademolu
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 4, December 2019
Pages:
108-112
Received:
14 November 2019
Accepted:
26 November 2019
Published:
4 December 2019
Abstract: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder of glucose characterized by glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity and insulin resistance. In insulin resistance states, a higher level of insulin is needed to generate the usual body response to keep plasma glucose at physiologic level. The type 2 diabetics with insulin resistance cannot keep plasma glucose normal not because of absolute insulin deficiency but due to a relative deficiency as insulin is now required at a higher plasma level to achieve a near physiological or physiological plasma glucose level. Hence the need for a chemical agent to increase insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta cells at pharmacological dose (insulin secretagogues) was conceptualized and arrived at. Sulfonylureas are insulin secretagogues. Two generations of sulfonylurea’s are in use. The first and second. The class effects of sulfonylurea include weight gain, allergic reaction and hypoglycemia. But not enough emphasis is placed on the severity and grading of the hypoglycemia complicating use of sulfonylureas. Meanwhile hypoglycemia induced by sulfonylurea use is of various degree, severity and duration. The classification of hypoglycemia into grades in ADEMOLUS CLASSIFICATION OF HYPOGLYCEMIA makes it easier for scientist to understand, compare and monitor the severity of sulfonylureas. Mrs KFO is a 67 years old diabetic diagnosed over 8 years ago. She had asymptomatic hypoglycemia with a glucometer reading low (ADEMOLUS PHENOMENON) on a clinic day visit. She had been on glimepiride for three years. Mrs A. F. is a 75 years old diabetic diagnosed 4 years prior to presentation. She had a glucometer reading of low during a random blood sugar check at 8pm on day 2 of admission with associated general body weakness. She was on metformin and glibenclamide. Mrs. I E is a 72 years old diabetic who had a glucometer reading of low during her outpatient clinic visit. She was on gliclazide. Sulfonylureas use has been shown by these cases to be associated with symptomatic and asymptomatic very severe hypoglycemia. A possibility of synthesizing a new equally potent third generation of sulfonylureas with minimal or no hypoglycemic effect should be looked into.
Abstract: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder of glucose characterized by glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity and insulin resistance. In insulin resistance states, a higher level of insulin is needed to generate the usual body response to keep plasma glucose at physiologic level. The type 2 diabetics with insulin resistance cannot keep plasma glucose normal not because...
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